Hydrocarbons are what type of molecule

THE localization will be the number of the carbon where the branch or unsaturation is found. Sometimes there is only one possible location for a radical or double or triple bond, so it is not necessary to express the location of the linking carbon in the nomenclature.

THE nomenclature for branches will be given by the number of carbons in each, plus termination line or ll. When there is more than one branch, alphabetical order is used. In hydrocarbons with unsaturation, it is necessary to number and locate the carbon in which the pair is found, and the numbering must be as small as possible. For this, the carbon count must start with the side closest to the double bond. For chains with more than one branch , place the radicals in the nomenclature in alphabetical order.

If there are branches and unsaturations in the same molecule, the count of carbons in the main chain should be done in such a way that the sum of the location numerals is as small as possible. For closed strings, the naming rules hold, but the word cycle starts the name of the compound, indicating that it is a closed or cyclic hydrocarbon.

Hydrocarbons can be divided into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and alkadienes - which are classified as according to the establishment of the chain double s or triple bonds - and cyclans, which are the chains closed. You alkanes can be found in nature , like gas methane CH 4 , which is released by animals and produced in decomposition processes, as well as in refineries and petrochemical industries.

The compound is also used in the production of raw material polyethylene , used in the manufacture of plastic utensils. Its general formula is C no H 2n - 2. O acetylene or etine C 2 H 2 is a gas of the alkyne function used in welds and metal cuts. The general formula for this function is C. Realize that it's the same formula as alkynes, which means it can happen isomerism between compounds same molecular formula for different compounds.

Petroleum derivatives, that is, hydrocarbons, are involved in many industries, from aeronautics to the toy industry. Almost all the fuels used in transportation are derived from hydrocarbons, which are used to create polluting waste carbon dioxide.

Therefore, it is currently trying to replace them with other types of fuels and energy sources. Hydrocarbons are a non-renewable resource , since they can not be manufactured by humans. All substances whose molecules contain carbon atoms forming a bond with other carbon molecules carbon-carbon bond and with hydrogen molecules carbon-hydrogen bond are considered organic. Although each hydrocarbon has a distinctive molecule, they all share in their molecular structure a chain of carbon atoms each of which may be one in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms.

Aromatic hydrocarbons have cyclic molecules , meaning that the carbon atoms form a circle. There are double bonds between the carbon atoms. Occasionally, we find an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a ring of C atoms; these hydrocarbons are called cycloalkanes or cycloalkenes or cycloalkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons , such as benzene, are flat-ring systems that contain continuously overlapping p orbitals.

Electrons in the benzene ring have special energetic properties that give benzene physical and chemical properties that are markedly different from alkanes.

Originally, the term aromatic was used to describe this class of compounds because they were particularly fragrant. However, in modern chemistry the term aromatic denotes the presence of a very stable ring that imparts different and unique properties to a molecule. The simplest alkanes have their C atoms bonded in a straight chain; these are called normal alkanes. They are named according to the number of C atoms in the chain.

The smallest alkane is methane:. To make four covalent bonds, the C atom bonds to four H atoms, making the molecular formula for methane CH 4. The two-dimensional diagram for methane is misleading, however; the four covalent bonds that the C atom makes are oriented three-dimensionally toward the corners of a tetrahedron. A better representation of the methane molecule is shown in Figure The next-largest alkane has two C atoms that are covalently bonded to each other.

For each C atom to make four covalent bonds, each C atom must be bonded to three H atoms. The resulting molecule, whose formula is C 2 H 6 , is ethane:.

Propane has a backbone of three C atoms surrounded by H atoms. You should be able to verify that the molecular formula for propane is C 3 H 8 :. The diagrams we have seen so far representing alkanes are fairly simple Lewis structures. However, as molecules get larger, the Lewis structures become more and more complex. One way around this is to use a condensed structure, which lists the formula of each C atom in the backbone of the molecule.

Table Because alkanes have the maximum number of H atoms possible according to the rules of covalent bonds, alkanes are also referred to as saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes have a C—C double bond. Because they have less than the maximum number of H atoms possible, they are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. The smallest alkene — ethene — has two C atoms and is also known by its common name, ethylene:. The next largest alkene — propene — has three C atoms with a C—C double bond between two of the C atoms.

It is also known as propylene:. What do you notice about the names of alkanes and alkenes? The names of alkenes are the same as their corresponding alkanes except that the suffix ending is — ene , rather than — ane.

Applying the Rules. Now try applying these rules to name the following molecule it's not as hard as it might seem. Take it step by step as outlined above. First, begin by finding the parent chain in the molecule--that is, the longest possible chain of connecting carbons.

Note that the parent chain is not necessarily the chain that simply follows from left to right. For example, if you were to count the number of carbons directly from left to right in this molecule you would get 7 carbons. This is not the parent chain, however! If you start at the left and then count up where the molecule branches, you find that there are 8 carbons by taking this route. This is is the longest chain dont be fooled by professors hiding carbons in branches , and thus the parent chain is octane see table above.

The second step is to number the carbons in the parent chain starting at the end closest to the first substituent. It is important to number the molecule from the correct end in other words, in this example do you number the alkane from right to left or left to right. Following this rule, on this molecule you number from right to left, as the 2-carbon substituent is closer to that end.

Name all the substituents. You then identify the names of the substituents. In this case, the only substituent is a 2 carbon group at the number 4 carbon. This is an ethyl group. Put the substituents in alphabetical order. The next step is to put the substituents in alphabetical order ie. Locate the substituent on the parent change by giving it a number. Thus, the proper nomenclature of this alkane is 4-ethyloctane.

Note that a dash is used to separate the number from the substituent. Cycloalkanes again only contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and carbon-carbon single bonds, but this time the carbon atoms are joined up in a ring. The smallest cycloalkane is cyclopropane. By joining the carbon atoms in a ring, you have had to lose two hydrogen atoms. You are unlikely to ever need it, but the general formula for a cycloalkane is C n H 2n.

Don't imagine that these are all flat molecules.